Plain TeX
This is a help file for Plain TeX. It was derived from Anthony Starks
Plain TeX Reference.
This page was edited-in-place on 18 January 2023 to add a CSS
stylesheet and correct some missing glyphs. In the end I regenerated
the glyphs at a slightly larger size. Some of the markup was improved
along the way.
Table of Contents
Computer Modern Font Family
The standard Computer Modern family includes the following fonts:
cmr
- Roman (5--10pt)
cmmi
- Math Italic (5--10pt)
cmsy
- Math Symbols (5--10pt)
cmex
- Math Extension (10pt)
cmss
- Sans serif (10pt)
cmssqi
- Sans serif quote italic (8pt)
cmssi
- Sans serif Italic (10pt)
cmbx
- Bold Extended (10pt)
cmtt
- Typewriter (8--10pt)
cmsltt
- Slanted typewriter (10pt)
cmsl
- Slanted roman (8--10pt)
cmti
- Text italic (7--10pt)
cmu
- Unslanted text italic (10pt)
cmmib
- Bold math italic (10pt)
cmbsy
- Bold math symbols (10pt)
cmcsc
- Caps and Small caps (10pt)
cmssbx
- Sans serif bold extended (10pt)
cmdunh
- Dunhill style (10pt)
Standard Font Definitions
Plain TeX defines the following control sequences for font selection:
\rm
- Roman
\sl
- Slanted
\it
- Italic
\bf
- Bold
\tt
- Typewriter
$\oldstyle ...$
- Old Style numerals
$\cal ...$
- Caligraphic capitals
Magnifications
Plain TeX defines the following magnifications:
\magstep0
: 1000 (normal size)
\magstephalf
: 1095 (1.095 times normal size)
\magstep1
: 1200 (1.2 times normal size)
\magstep2
: 1440 (1.44 times normal size, etc.)
\magstep3
: 1440
\magstep4
: 1728
\magstep5
: 2074
\magstep6
: 2488
Dimensions
pt
: Point
pc
: pica (12 pt)
in
: inch (72.27 pt)
bp
: Big point (72 bp = 1 in)
cm
: Centimeter
mm
: Millimeter
dd
: Didot point
cc
: cicero (12 dd)
sp
: Scaled point (65,536 sp = 1 pt)
ex
: Nomimal x-height
em
: Nominal m-width
Accents
\'o |
Grave |
 |
\`o |
Acute |
 |
\^o |
Circumflex |
 |
\"o |
Umlaut |
 |
\~o |
Tilde |
 |
\=o |
Macron (“bar”) |
 |
\.o |
Dot |
 |
\v o |
Hacek (“check”) |
 |
\u o |
Breve |
 |
\H o |
Long Hungarian umlaut |
 |
\t oo |
Tie-after accent |
 |
\c o |
Cedilla |
 |
\d o |
Dot-under |
 |
\b o |
Bar-under |
 |
Special Letters
\oe , \OE |
French ligature OE |
,  |
\ae , \AE |
Latin/Scandanavian AE |
,  |
\aa , \AA |
Scandanavian A-with-circle |
,  |
\o , \O |
Scandanavian slashed O |
,  |
\l , \L |
Polish suppressed-L |
,  |
\ss |
German sharp S |
 |
\dag |
Dagger |
 |
\ddag |
Double-dagger |
 |
\S |
Section mark |
 |
\P |
Paragraph mark |
 |
\copyright |
Copyright symbol |
 |
Paging and Insertions
\headline={stuff}
-
Define header
\footline={stuff}
-
Define footer
\raggedbottom
-
Variable bottom margin
\folio
-
Current page number
\nopagenumbers
-
Blank footer
\footnote{mark}{text}
-
Define footnote
\topinsert{stuff}\endinsert
-
Floating insertion
\midinsert{stuff}\endinsert
-
Insert mid-page
\pageinsert{stuff}\endinsert
-
Full page insertion
Category Codes
- 0 Escape character (\)
- 1 Beginning of group ({)
- 2 End of group (})
- 3 Math shift ($)
- 4 Alignment tab (&)
- 5 End of line (^M)
- 6 Parameter (#)
- 7 Superscript (^)
- 8 Subscript (_)
- 9 Ignored character (NUL)
- 10 Space ( )
- 11 Letter (A..Z and a..z)
- 12 Other
- 13 Active character (~)
- 14 Comment character (%)
- 15 Invalid character (DEL)
Ligatures
ff |  |
fi |  |
fl |  |
ffi |  |
ffl |  |
-- |  |
--- |  |
`` |  |
'' |  |
?` |  |
!` |  |
Math Characters
\aleph |  |
\alpha |  |
\amalg |  |
\angle |  |
\approx |  |
\ast |  |
\asymp |  |
\beta |  |
\bigcap |  |
\bigcirc |  |
\bigcup |  |
\bigodot |  |
\bigoplus |  |
\bigotimes |  |
\bigsqcup |  |
\bigtriangledown |  |
\bigtriangleup |  |
\biguplus |  |
\bigvee |  |
\bigwedge |  |
\bot |  |
\bowtie |  |
\bullet |  |
\cap |  |
\cdot |  |
\cdotp |  |
\cdots |  |
\chi |  |
\circ |  |
\clubsuit |  |
\colon |  |
\coprod |  |
\cup |  |
\dagger |  |
\dashv |  |
\ddagger |  |
\ddots |  |
\delta |  |
\Delta |  |
\diamond |  |
\diamondsuit |  |
\div |  |
\ell |  |
\emptyset |  |
\epsilon |  |
\equiv |  |
\eta |  |
\exists |  |
\flat |  |
\forall |  |
\frown |  |
\gamma |  |
\Gamma |  |
\geq |  |
\gg |  |
\hbar |  |
\heartsuit |  |
\iff |  |
\Im |  |
\imath |  |
\in |  |
\infty |  |
\intop |  |
\iota |  |
\jmath |  |
\joinrel |  |
\kappa |  |
\lambda |  |
\Lambda |  |
\ldotp |  |
\ldots |  |
\leftarrow |  |
\Leftarrow |  |
\leftharpoondown |  |
\leftharpoonup |  |
\leftrightarrow |  |
\Leftrightarrow |  |
\leq |  |
\lhook |  |
\ll |  |
\longleftarrow |  |
\Longleftarrow |  |
\longleftrightarrow |  |
\Longleftrightarrow |  |
\longmapsto |  |
\longrightarrow |  |
\Longrightarrow |  |
\mapstochar |  |
\mid |  |
\models |  |
\mp |  |
\mu |  |
\nabla |  |
\natural |  |
\nearrow |  |
\neg |  |
\neq |  |
\ni |  |
\not |  |
\nu |  |
\nwarrow |  |
\odot |  |
\ointop |  |
\omega |  |
\Omega |  |
\ominus |  |
\oplus |  |
\oslash |  |
\otimes |  |
\parallel |  |
\partial |  |
\perp |  |
\phi |  |
\Phi |  |
\pi |  |
\Pi |  |
\pm |  |
\prec |  |
\preceq |  |
\prime |  |
\prod |  |
\propto |  |
\psi |  |
\Psi |  |
\Re |  |
\relbar |  |
\Relbar |  |
\rho |  |
\rhook |  |
\rightarrow |  |
\Rightarrow |  |
\rightharpoondown |  |
\rightharpoonup |  |
\searrow |  |
\setminus |  |
\sharp |  |
\sigma |  |
\Sigma |  |
\sim |  |
\simeq |  |
\smallint |  |
\smile |  |
\spadesuit |  |
\sqcap |  |
\sqcup |  |
\sqsubseteq |  |
\sqsupseteq |  |
\star |  |
\subset |  |
\subseteq |  |
\succ |  |
\succeq |  |
\sum |  |
\supset |  |
\supseteq |  |
\surd |  |
\swarrow |  |
\tau |  |
\theta |  |
\Theta |  |
\times |  |
\top |  |
\triangleleft |  |
\triangleright |  |
\uplus |  |
\Upsilon |  |
\upsilon |  |
\varepsilon |  |
\varphi |  |
\varpi |  |
\varrho |  |
\varsigma |  |
\vartheta |  |
\vdash |  |
\vdots |  |
\vee |  |
\wedge |  |
\wp |  |
\wr |  |
\Xi |  |
\xi |  |
\zeta |  |
Parameters
\maxdimen | 16383.99999pt |
\pretolerance | 100 |
\tolerance | 200 |
\hbadness | 1000 |
\vbadness | 1000 |
\linepenalty | 10 |
\hyphenpenalty | 50 |
\exhyphenpenalty | 50 |
\binoppenalty | 700 |
\relpenalty | 500 |
\clubpenalty | 150 |
\widowpenalty | 150 |
\displaywidowpenalty | 50 |
\brokenpenalty | 100 |
\predisplaypenalty | 10000 |
\doublehyphendemerits | 10000 |
\finalhyphendemerits | 5000 |
\adjdemerits | 10000 |
\looseness | 0 |
\pausing | 0 |
\holdinginserts | 0 |
\tracingonline | 0 |
\tracingmacros | 0 |
\tracingstats | 0 |
\tracingparagraphs | 0 |
\tracingpages | 0 |
\tracingoutput | 0 |
\tracinglostchars | 1 |
\tracingcommands | 0 |
\tracingrestores | 0 |
\language | 0 |
\uchyph | 1 |
\lefthyphenmin | 2 |
\righthyphenmin | 3 |
\globaldefs | 0 |
\maxdeadcycles | 25 |
\hangafter | 1 |
\fam | 0 |
\mag | 1000 |
\escapechar | \ |
\defaulthyphenchar | - |
\defaultskewchar | -1 |
\endlinechar | ^^M |
\newlinechar | -1 |
\delimiterfactor | 901 |
\time | minute of the day |
\day | day of the month |
\month | month of the year |
\year | year |
\showboxbreadth | 5 |
\showboxdepth | 3 |
\errorcontextlines | 5 |
\hfuzz | 0.1pt |
\vfuzz | 0.1pt |
\overfullrule | 5pt |
\hsize | 6.5in |
\vsize | 8.9in |
\maxdepth | 4pt |
\lineskiplimit | 0pt |
\delimitershortfall | 5pt |
\nulldelimiterspace | 1.2pt |
\scriptspace | 0.5pt |
\mathsurround | 0pt |
\predisplaysize | 0pt |
\displaywidth | 0pt |
\displayindent | 0pt |
\parindent | 20pt |
\hangindent | 0pt |
\hoffset | 0pt |
\voffset | 0pt |
\baselineskip | 0pt |
\lineskip | 0pt |
\parskip | 0pt plus 1pt |
\abovedisplayskip | 12pt plus 3pt minus 9pt |
\abovedisplayshortskip | 0pt plus 3pt |
\belowdisplayskip | 12pt plus 3pt minus 9pt |
\belowdisplayshortskip | 7pt plus 3pt minus 4pt |
\leftskip | 0pt |
\rightskip | 0pt |
\topskip | 10pt |
\splittopskip | 10pt |
\tabskip | 0pt |
\spaceskip | 0pt |
\xspaceskip | 0pt |
\parfillskip | 0pt plus 1fil |
\thinmuskip | 3mu |
\medmuskip | 4mu plus 2mu minus 4mu |
\thickmuskip | 5mu plus 5mu |
\hideskip | -1000pt plus 1fill |
\centering | 0pt plus 1000pt minus 1000pt |
\smallskipamount | 3pt plus 1pt minus 1pt |
\medskipamount | 6pt plus 2pt minus 2pt |
\bigskipamount | 12pt plus 4pt minus 4pt |
\normalbaselineskip | 12pt |
\normallineskip | 1pt |
\normallineskiplimit | 0pt |
\jot | 3pt |
\interdisplaylinepenalty | 100 |
\interfootnotelinepenalty | 100 |